Primary Dyslexia and Secondary Dyslexia Essay Example

Primary Dyslexia and Secondary Dyslexia Essay Example Primary Dyslexia and Secondary Dyslexia Paper Primary Dyslexia and Secondary Dyslexia Paper Dyslexia is currently one of the most well known learning disabilities found in school age children in the United States, and is the most common one faced in school districts. It affects approximately five percent of all elementary aged children (Mayo, 2007). This disorder can cause delays in the areas of reading, writing, spelling and in some cases even speech(MedicineNet, 2006). It occurs in varying levels from a mild problem creating an annoyance to severe impairment which can cause school failure and serious depression (MedicineNet, 2006). Dyslexia is often suspected when children of average to above average intelligence fail to obtain age appropriate levels of reading, writing and spelling. It is characterized by frequently misspelled words with upside down or transposed letters. In order to receive a diagnosis of dyslexia a vision problem and is ruled out. An additional factor to be considered is the educational opportunities available to the child. A child who had no opportunities to read would inevitably be delayed in the academic areas. A diagnosis of dyslexia can be devastating to both the child suffering from the disorder and the child’s family. Once it is diagnosed, the school district the child is in takes interest in the child’s well-being, but the thoughts and concerns faced by the parent additionally need to be addressed following a diagnosis. There are three identified types of dyslexia known as Traumatic Dyslexia, Primary Dyslexia, and Secondary Dyslexia (MedicineNet, 2006). The types of dyslexia are categorized by the suspected cause of the disorder, but the symptoms are the same. Trauma Dyslexia is caused by some kind of brain injury to the area of the brain that controls language skills. This type of dyslexia is rare (MedicineNet, 2006). It is not the typical form that is seen in schools. Primary Dyslexia is a hereditary disorder involving a dysfunction of the cerebral cortex in the brain (MedicineNet, 2006). This malfunction does not get better with age and there is no cure. People suffering from this type of dyslexia usually struggle with reading and writing throughout life and often do not read above a fourth grade level (MedicineNet, 2006). There are treatments that can be used to help the person with the diagnosis cope with the disorder however. The third type of dyslexia, secondary dyslexia, is thought to be caused by impaired prenatal hormonal development. This is not as common as primary dyslexia. It is more common in boys and does get somewhat better as the child reaches maturity (MedicineNet, 2006). Symptoms of Dyslexia are often not recognized until a child is school age, and even then the signs are often misinterpreted for other conditions. It is very easily misdiagnosed as Attention Deficit Disorder, as the observable symptoms, distractibility and acting out, are very similar to symptoms of ADHD. Besides the acting out, some of the most noticeable signs are the child’s apparent inability to read, write or spell at age level even though the child may be very intelligent in other areas. Children with dyslexia typically write letters backwards, upside down or in the wrong order. They may read the words without comprehending what they are reading. In addition to the reading and writing problems, some behavior concerns sometimes are also present such as an easily distracted child, a disorganized child, or one who seems to cause trouble in class (WebMD, 2006). These behaviors manifest due to frustration over not being able to understand what is expected. Self esteem issues often come about due to the frustration and the embarrassment of having to admit having reading problems. Due to the embarrassment of not being able to read at age level, many children will find ways to hide the disability, which leads to a large number of cases either not being diagnosed at all or being diagnosed late. Once the problem is discovered it can be treated somewhat successfully in most cases. Treatment for this disorder is quite different than that of most disorders, because it does not involve medication. There is no cure to get rid of dyslexia, once someone is diagnosed with it he will always have it. However, training is available to help most children diagnosed with dyslexia retrain their brains to function at the highest possible level. These learning strategies work best the earlier a diagnosis is made, however older children and adults can still be helped by the learning strategies. Some of the strategies involve a way of learning that differs from traditional learning styles. Although there is no cure for the disability and people with it struggle throughout life, it is treatable. People can develop skills to cope with the disability and the vast majority can be very productive. People with dyslexia often excel in areas of complex thinking and creativity. Many of them become designers, engineers and even doctors. Once people with the disorder can learn to cope with the frustration and find ways to compensate for the brain confusion, many can read and function successfully. Dyslexia greatly impacts not only the child diagnosed with it but also the child’s family on a larger scale society. The child deals with the daily frustration of trying to keep up with other students, when he sees every word differently than the other children. When the words do not look right and are difficult to figure out, the child soon looses interest in reading, and simply begins trying to find ways to hide the fact he does not understand how. He might begin to act out as a way to distract others from realizing that he is having difficulty reading. If the disability is not discovered and diagnosed soon, the child continues to fall behind his peers in his reading development and the embarrassment becomes worse. This can lead to additional frustration, acting out and failing grades. When the child’s peers discover the problem or learn about the failing grades, they begin to tease the child increasing the distress and frustration. When the child’s parents become aware that the child is having problems, the child has often been covering it for some time, but can no longer maintain good enough grades to hide the problem. Parents become impacted by the child’s struggle to maintain good grades and to keep up with peers in reading and writing. They often feel helpless because they do not know how to help the child. Parents want their children to be happy and do well, for this reason it is very difficult for them to see their child struggle. In order to avoid having to admit there is a problem or to answer questions, the child learns to avoid all situations that might place him in a negative situation. Sometimes the child becomes withdrawn from the parents and other people around. This withdrawal due to embarrassment and frustration can cause problems with not only family relationships, but with other social relationships as well. The child may stop associating with friends and spending more time alone. They might cut off contact with friends or romantic interests due to a fear of admitting they have difficulty reading. Society is affected not as much by one child with dyslexia, but with the large numbers of children affected by the disorder. School districts are required to educate the children in the district, and if a significant percentage of the population is not performing to age level, this goal is not being reached. Continual pressure is being placed on society to graduate smarter and better educated young people, therefore the pressure is increased when the there are large numbers of people who do not process information the same way average people do. This requires society to take a new look at the way it educates children and what needs to be done to help all children perform to the best of their ability. The good news is that people who have dyslexia can be helped and those who care about them can learn how to help them. Parents can help their children by offering support. One of the first things they need to do is get to know their children and work with professionals to find the best way to teach them (Shaywitz, 2003). For children who do not want special treatment, there are a number of books and workbooks that parents can get to work through with their children. Some of these encourage young people to talk to parents and doctors about the problems they experience (Shaywitz, 2008). It is very difficult for a child to admit problems, but when he has the courage to tell someone, the first step is to get the child tested. This can be very stressful for the child, but is needed in order to get a proper diagnosis. Once the diagnosis is made, a team of parents, teachers and other professionals can develop a plan to help the child reach his maximum potential and regain confidence. In order for this plan to be completely successful, the child needs to be included in order to allow him to provide input on what procedures are most helpful. Once the child has learned coping skills to help him become more confident and independent, hw will become less withdrawn and more academically capable. Sometimes the testing procedure and the treatment can be more detrimental to a child’s self-esteem. If a child is older when the problems are discovered, being placed in a special program and labeled as disabled causes an impressionable child more stress and trauma than he was already feeling. The treatment needs to focus on the best ways to meet the needs of the child instead of how to make the school districts success numbers look better. If the child is subjected to further embarrassment through the program, he might withdraw even more or be teased more. This could lead to lower development and in some cases dropping out of school or suicide. With laws being passed in the last several years, to make sure that all children are adequately educated, schools have been subjected to increased pressure to graduate children. For this reason there are greatly increased opportunities for children to have additional training and classes. Special and individualized programs have been designed to help children with disabilities be successful. These programs are very good and helpful for the children if the focus is kept on the children. There can sometimes be problems when the school rather than helping the child become more successful, the school lowers the standards simply to graduate children. Although, the children need some extra assistance and sometimes a series of smaller goals to reach the larger ones, they need to be able to reach some basic expectations in order to be considered a graduate. The drawback of graduating ill-educated students from high school, means that people are being into the adult world without the proper skills to function successfully in the world. Most people have heard of dyslexia, but many of them think of it as an inability to read without having a full grasp of what the disorder involves. They know it has something to do with turning letters around, but are not aware of the depression or behavior problems that can be caused by the frustration of wanting to succeed and not being able to. Children with dyslexia are not lazy or less intelligent. They are children who can be very successful and intelligent if the need for a different learning method is determined early enough to develop a plan of success that works for that specific child. The vast majority of people with dyslexia can meet the requirements for graduation and become successful adults, if they are able to learn the strategies to enable them to compensate for the ways their brains process information differently than the average person. Having a diagnosis of dyslexia does not make them any less valuable to society or less likely to contribute. They simply view words and letters differently than the average person and need to compensate for this by learning to use their brain processes to understand the words that other people can view easily. It can be done, and many people prove every day that it can be done successfully. The important thing is that the children diagnosed with the disability have much needed support in order to refrain from using the disability as an excuse to fail rather than a reason to succeed. Resources: Dyslexia. (2007) Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 20, 2008 from: Dyslexia MayoClinic. com Dyslexia. (2006). MedicineNet. Retrieved November 20, 2008 from: Dyslexia Symptoms, Signs, Causes, Types, Diagnosis and Treatment on MedicineNet. com Dyslexia Symptoms. (2006) WebMD Retrieved November 20, 2008 from: Dyslexia-Symptoms Hultquist, Alan M. (2008) What is Dyslexia? : A Book Explaining Dyslexia for Kids and Adults to Use Together Jessica Kingsley Publishers/Philadelphia. Shaywitz, Sally Md. (2003) Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-Based Program for Reading Problems at Any Level Random House/New York.

How to Make a Homemade Roman Candle

How to Make a Homemade Roman Candle A Roman candle is a simple traditional firework that shoots colored fireballs into the air. It consists of a cardboard tube that is sealed at the bottom and lit by a fuse from the top, with one or more charges stacked along the length of the tube. Typically the charges are separated from each other by a layer of clay or sawdust. Here are instructions on how to make a homemade Roman candle. Roman Candle Materials Roman candles come in a variety of sizes. For a home project, its best to start small. The 1/2 tube probably is the easiest/safest to work with, since you have some space to add the materials, yet have a fairly small charge. 1/4 - 1/2 cardboard rocket body tube1/8 fuse, about a footBentonite clayBlack powder or pyrodexStar composition (sample recipe provided in instructions)Masking tape Make a Roman Candle Work in a cool area, away from sources of flame. Dont grind pyrotechnic compositions be gentle. Cut the tube so that you have a 10 length. Its a good idea to measure and note the length so that you know, for future projects, whether to adjust the length shorter/longer.Wrap the tube with paper or masking tape. The purpose of this is to reinforce the tube so that the charge shoots up and out of the tube rather than splitting the cardboard open.Seal the bottom of the tube with a clay plug. About 1/2 of clay should be good, although more is fine. You can substitute epoxy glue, if you prefer. The point is to seal the tube so that the charge moves up and out of the tube rather than escaping through the bottom.Run the fuse down the tube to the clay plug. The firework will be lit from the top, burning down the fuse to light successive charges.Add a layer of black powder (about an inch). One easy way to deliver the powder into the tube is by sprinkling it into a rolled sheet of paper.Add your star composition. There are numerous formulas for this, depending on the effect you want. One s traightforward recipe is to collect the coatings from two 6 inch sparklers, mix it with a small amount of flash powder and black powder or Pyrodex (by volume, 60% sparkler, 20% flash powder, 20% Pyrodex). Add water to this mixture, a drop at a time, until you can roll it into a ball that just fits inside the bore of your tube. Roll as many of these as you need for your candle; allow them to dry. Drop a ball into the tube, on top of the black powder. Press tissue paper or sawdust or a small amount of clay on top of the ball. You can tamp the paper or sawdust into the tube using the eraser end of a pencil. This is the delaying charge, that prevents additional layers of material from burning all at once so that each charge will shoot into the air. This completes your first charge. If this is your first Roman candle, this is a good stopping point to see what you will get/know what to expect. Otherwise... repeat layers of black powder, a star, and the delaying charge until the tube is filled.With any tube-shaped fireworks, its a good plan to shoot them off in a depression or hole, preferably in a tube or packed into soil so they cannot point in an unintended direction. Light the firework and get clear. The expected range of the firework is about 30 feet. Troubleshooting If you need the charge to shoot higher, try using a longer tube or slightly more black powder in your lift charge.If the colored fireball doesnt ignite, try adding a higher percentage of Pyrodex in the star mixture. Safety Notes This is a project for adults who already have some pyrotechnic experience. If you are new to making fireworks, try one of the other firework projects, such as a homemade smoke bomb or sparkler.Be aware of the laws where you live! Roman candles may be prohibited. If so, obviously, dont make one or set it off.Do not ignite a Roman candle in your hand. Do not point a Roman candle at anyone or anything.Use good judgment and follow safe practices when lighting making or lighting this or any other firework. Be sober, away from flammable materials and clear of pets, people or structures. Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Responses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Responses - Essay Example Toby Stephens was portrayed as a very rich and passionate individual with an unkempt appearance and who seems to have a mystery to himself. He just does not seem the person he has played in films like die another day, so I would say that he acted really well. Ruth Wilson as Jane Eyre was also very sensible and composed just like the book describes the character as a woman of intellect. The best part was that Ruth Wilson’s eyes actually have a very deep feel to them as if she is scanning a person’s character with her look. In the 1996 version of the film, I personally felt that William Hurt looked like a sweet lover with nothing going beyond that face which I felt Toby Stephens was able to convey; Charlotte Gainsbourg does not look as unconventional a heroine as does Ruth Wilson. Chapters 23-28 in the book are part of the time when Jane is in Thornfield. The first time Jane Eyre sees Bertha is when Bertha comes in her room one night and tears apart her wedding gown. Bert ha was Mr. Rochester’s first wife who had lost control of her senses, which was a disease that ran in her family. I really liked the connection of the red cloth that hung from the window of the room where Bertha was locked.

What and why do americans need the fda What are all the benefits of Research Paper

What and why do americans need the fda What are all the benefits of the FDA PROs of the fda - Research Paper Example FDA is a federal agency headed by a commissioner who is appointed by the President of the US (Whittaker and Walter, The Purpose par. 1). Its precursor agency was the Food, Drug, and Insecticide Administration which was reorganized from the Bureau of Chemistry in 1927 (Lee and Sprague, History par. 3). In 1930, the name of the agency was changed to Food and Drug Administration (par. 3). It was said to protect not only the interest of the consumers but also the pharmacology industry due to some complexities that it has encountered in the process of regulation (Jacobs and Carson-Dewitt par. 1). The earliest functions of the FDA were set forth in the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 which was passed after the poisoning of more than a hundred people from a drug sold by a Tennessee-based company (Lee and Sprague, History par. 3). The Act mandated that all drugs should pass the FDA approval before being released into the market (par. 3). Moreover, FDA was required to provide a set of safety standards for food and drugs, and that drugs should contain detailed labels and proper instructions for use (par. 3). Its scope of functions increased with the passage of other laws (e.g. Food Additives Amendment of 1958, Drug Abuse Control Amendments of 1965, 1976 Medical Devices Amendments) (par. 5). One-fourth of all the products in the US market are regulated by FDA as of 2008 (Lee and Sprague, FDA Approvals par. 3). Pharmaceutical firms are allowed by law to advertise their products which may not be accurate since adverts are made to exaggerate in order to convince consumers to buy their products. The FDA has the power to regulate the contents of the advertisements so that only a â€Å"balanced perspective† will be presented to consumers and end-users (DiLascio, FDA Regulations par. 1). Pharmaceuticals firms have also resorted to the DTC strategy in marketing their products. DTC refers to the Direct-to-Consumer approach that tends to reach consumers directly through

Motor Learning and Coaching Notes Essay Example for Free

Motor Learning and Coaching Notes Essay The study of relativity permanent changes in motor skills and capabilities that come with practice or experience. This includes: †¢Investigating how elite athletes become experts †¢Studying the best way for a teacher or coach to structure a practice environment for maximal potential †¢Methods of practicing motor skills oHow often oHow long oGroup size oEquipment What is a Skill? A complex movement or sequence of movements, which are smooth and coordinated. These movements don’t require conscious thought and have predetermined results. A learned skill is one that can be repeated. A performance may be a fluke and is only performed once. Motor Skill: physical skills that require body movement and rely on motor control Classification of a Skill: Based on: Where- the environment of the skill Closed: †¢predictable, constant environment †¢Work at own pace- internally paced †¢Replication/ repetition of same skill †¢Examples: swimming in a pool, archery, shooting Open: †¢Changing environment †¢Pace dependant on other people/ factors Detecting stimuli Deciding Processing Acting Responding appropriately Evaluating Feedback Cues †¢A stimulus perception †¢In learning used to obtain information to perform and improve †¢Used in the demonstration and explaination of a skill by a coach †¢Can be both internal and external †¢Sight, hearing, and propreoceptive cues are most used

Pride and Prejudice :: English Literature

Pride and Prejudice "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Taken from Jane Austen's classic novel, Pride and Prejudice, this is probably one of the most famous opening sentences in English literature. It is clear to see from this one sentence that the novel is going to be about money, marriage and morals. The question is, from whose perspective, is a single, rich man in want of a wife? As we begin to read the novel, it becomes apparent that it is Mrs Bennet who believes that all rich, single men must be in want of a wife when she says at the beginning of the very first chapter, "A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls," (volume 1, chapter 1, page 1). Mr and Mrs Bennet have just five daughters. Unfortunately for them, they have no sons and in the time of Jane Austen writing Pride and Prejudice, it was only the sons who could, and would, inherit the wealth of the family. Therefore, with the Bennets having just daughters, it meant that the closest male relative, a cousin in this instance named Mr Collins, to the head of the household, Mr Bennet, would inherit his wealth. The ladies would then be left having to rely on family and would hope to be provided with all they needed. So, it was imperative to Mrs Bennet that at least one of her daughter's, if not all, married well. Well enough to be able to provide security for herself, the other daughters and of course, Mrs Bennet, should anything happen to Mr Bennet. In fact, as we see at the beginning of chapter three, when Mrs Bennet says, "If I can see but one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for," (volume 1, chapter 3, page 5), that she would want for nothing else. As interactions between potential couples didn't happen very often, it was difficult for them to get to know each other properly. Generally, the only chance potential couples had of interacting with each other was at assembly balls, arranged by fellow family members or friends. Even then, they didn't get much chance of privacy and could only chat privately whilst dancing. "To be fond of dancing was a sure step towards falling in love," (volume1, chapter 3, page 5). As we progress through the novel, we see the heir to Mr Bennet's wealth, Mr Collins, plan to marry one of the Bennet girls as an "offer Pride and Prejudice :: English Literature Pride and Prejudice "It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of good fortune, must be in want of a wife." Taken from Jane Austen's classic novel, Pride and Prejudice, this is probably one of the most famous opening sentences in English literature. It is clear to see from this one sentence that the novel is going to be about money, marriage and morals. The question is, from whose perspective, is a single, rich man in want of a wife? As we begin to read the novel, it becomes apparent that it is Mrs Bennet who believes that all rich, single men must be in want of a wife when she says at the beginning of the very first chapter, "A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thing for our girls," (volume 1, chapter 1, page 1). Mr and Mrs Bennet have just five daughters. Unfortunately for them, they have no sons and in the time of Jane Austen writing Pride and Prejudice, it was only the sons who could, and would, inherit the wealth of the family. Therefore, with the Bennets having just daughters, it meant that the closest male relative, a cousin in this instance named Mr Collins, to the head of the household, Mr Bennet, would inherit his wealth. The ladies would then be left having to rely on family and would hope to be provided with all they needed. So, it was imperative to Mrs Bennet that at least one of her daughter's, if not all, married well. Well enough to be able to provide security for herself, the other daughters and of course, Mrs Bennet, should anything happen to Mr Bennet. In fact, as we see at the beginning of chapter three, when Mrs Bennet says, "If I can see but one of my daughters happily settled at Netherfield, and the others equally well married, I shall have nothing to wish for," (volume 1, chapter 3, page 5), that she would want for nothing else. As interactions between potential couples didn't happen very often, it was difficult for them to get to know each other properly. Generally, the only chance potential couples had of interacting with each other was at assembly balls, arranged by fellow family members or friends. Even then, they didn't get much chance of privacy and could only chat privately whilst dancing. "To be fond of dancing was a sure step towards falling in love," (volume1, chapter 3, page 5). As we progress through the novel, we see the heir to Mr Bennet's wealth, Mr Collins, plan to marry one of the Bennet girls as an "offer

EDocs Study Questions Essay

This case concerns the negotiation of a venture capital investment between Charles River Ventures (CRV) and the founders of eDocs. eDocs (Kevin Laracey) and CRV (Jonathan Guerster) must decide what terms they would like to negotiate. Negotiation roles are given in an accompanying spreadsheet. Please review the study questions (page 2) and the poll questions (pages 3 and 4) – I will use these questions as a basis for class discussion. The point of the poll questions is to force people to think specifically about trading off deal terms for price, and to see how these tradeoffs vary across teams. Statistics from the poll results will be discussed in class. In your case memo, please include a term sheet signed by one member of each team. Please make sure that the term sheets from both sides of the transaction match. It is not necessary to reproduce the entire term sheet for the case; instead, you can sign an â€Å"amended term sheet† that includes only the provisions that have changed from the original; please also include any amendments to the terms discussed in Guerster’s letter to Laracey (page 22 of the case). If the teams could not reach an agreement, please say this explicitly in your case memo. The memos should include all the answers to the â€Å"poll questions† for your team (pages 3 and 4) and some logical support for these answers. These poll questions are effectively the starred (*) questions for this memo. You are also free to answer/discuss any of the study questions (see page 2) or any other issues that were important in your negotiation. Grades on these memos will depend on the logical coherence of your negotiating strategy and answers to the poll questions (as described in the memo) and may depend on the relative success of your negotiation (judged vs. other teams). It is possible to negotiate against intransigent counterparties, come to no agreement, and yet explain this well and write an excellent case memo. Please restrict your memos to be no more than five pages (not including the term sheet). A well-written memo of three pages beats a rambling five-page memo any day. There are two sets of poll questions: one set for the eDocs team and one set for the CRV team. I apologize for stating the obvious, but here it goes: eDocs teams should answer only the eDocs poll and CRV teams should answer  only the CRV poll. eDocs A startup e-commerce company is looking for its first-round of venture capital. A prominent VC is interested, and the parties must bargain over terms and price. 1) Is eDocs a good fit for CRV? If you were CRV, is this the kind of company you want to invest in? 2) Is CRV a good fit for eDocs? If you were eDocs, is this the kind of VC you want as an early-stage investor? 3) What are the most contentious terms for negotiation? 4) (*) How did your team decide on the relative value of these terms? 5) With the experience of this negotiation behind you, how would you have handled it differently? Poll Questions: eDocs NOTE: There is not just one â€Å"correct† answer for any of these questions, so don’t go crazy trying to figure it out. Also, for Questions 2 and 3, we do not expect any specific quantitative analysis. There are, however, good reasons why you might care more or less about the issues raised in all of the questions: please discuss these reasons in your memo and use them to guide your answers. One thing that is true: all of your answers to these questions should have X greater than or equal to $1. If you want to give an answer less than $1, then you are misunderstanding the question. 1) You have made a counteroffer to CRV that eliminates the participation described in the â€Å"liquidation† section of the term sheet. That is, you have offered that CRV pay $1 per share for regular convertible preferred stock with no participation feature. They counter with an offer of $X per share while keeping the participation option. What is the lowest value of X for which you would be willing to let them keep participation? 2) You have made a counteroffer to CRV that accelerates the vesting as described in the â€Å"Founders Stock, Options & Vesting† section of the term sheet. That is, you have offered the same terms as the original spreadsheet, except that founder’s shares vest immediately. CRV counters with an offer of $X per  share while keeping the same vesting schedule. What is the lowest value of X for which you would be willing to let them keep the original schedule? 3) You have made a counteroffer to CRV that adds Kris Canekeratne to the Board of Directors. CRV, concerned that the board would be too large, counters with an offer of $X per share while keeping the same board composition as in the original term sheet. What is the lowest value of X for which you would be willing to let them keep the original board composition? 4) Guerster’s letter to Laracey (page 22 of case) includes a condition under which CRV will receive extra warrants if they finance the entire round. You have made a counteroffer that removes this provision. CRV counters with an offer of $X per share while keeping the extra warrant condition. What is the lowest value of X for which you would be willing to let them keep this condition? Poll Questions: CRV NOTE: There is not just one â€Å"correct† answer for any of these questions, so don’t go crazy trying to figure it out. Also, for Questions 2 and 3, we do not expect any specific quantitative analysis. There are, however, good reasons why you might care more or less about the issues raised in all of the questions: please discuss these reasons in your memo and use them to guide your answers. One thing that is true: all of your answers to these questions should have X greater than or equal to $1. If you want to give an answer less than $1, then you are misunderstanding the question. 1) eDocs has made a counteroffer to you that eliminated the participation described in the â€Å"liquidation† section of the term sheet. That is, they have offered that you pay $1 per share for regular convertible preferred stock with no participation feature. You are preparing to counter with an offer of $X per share while keeping the participation option. What is the highest value of X you would be willing to offer in order keep the participation? 2) eDocs has made a counteroffer to you that accelerates the vesting as described in the â€Å"Founders Stock, Options & Vesting† section of the term  sheet. That is, they have offered the same terms as the original spreadsheet, except that founder’s shares vest immediately. You are preparing to counter with an offer of $X per share while keeping the same vesting schedule. What is the highest value of X you would be willing to offer in order to keep the original vesting schedule? 3) eDocs has made a counteroffer to CRV that adds Kris Canekeratne to the Board of Directors. You are concerned that the board would be too large and are preparing to counter with an offer of $X per share while keeping the same board composition as in the original term sheet. What is the highest value of X you would be willing to offer in order to keep the board composition as described in the term sheet? 4) Guerster’s letter to Laracey (page 22 of case) includes a condition under which CRV will receive extra warrants if they finance the entire round. eDocs has made a counteroffer that removes this provision. You are preparing to counter with an offer of $X per share while keeping the extra warrant condition. What is the highest value of X you would be willing to offer in order to keep this condition?

History of organic chemistry Essay

Chemistry has been called the science of what things are. Its intent is the exploration of the nature of the materials that fabricate our physical environment, why they hold the different properties that depict them, how their atomic structure may be fathomed, and how they may be manipulated and changed. Although organic reactions have been conducted by man since the discovery of fire, the science of Organic chemistry did not develop until the turn of the eighteenth century, mainly in France at first, then in Germany, later on in England. By far the largest variety of materials that bombard us are made up of organic elements. The beginning of the Ninetieth century was also the dawn of chemistry, all organic substances were understood as all being materials produced by living organisms: wood, bone, cloth, food, medicines, and the complex substances that configure the human body. Inorganic material was believed to come from the Earth: salt, metals, and rock, just to name a few. Because of the human’s wonder of natural life, organic materials were believed to possess an enigmatic â€Å"Vital Force.† Thus organic chemistry was separated from inorganic chemistry, and it became it’s own field of science. By the turn of the Nineteenth the â€Å"Vital Force† theory was immensely discredited, but this branch of science still stayed separated from inorganic chemistry. Back when Organic chemistry was the chemistry of living matter, Professor Wohler succeeded in synthesizing in the labo†¦ The name organic chemistry came from the word organism. Prior to 1828, all organic compounds had been obtained from organisms or their remains. The scientific philosophy back then was that the synthesis of organic compounds could only be produced within living matter while inorganic compounds were synthesized from non-living matter. A theory known as â€Å"Vitalism† stated that a â€Å"vital force† from living organisms was necessary to make an organic compound. 1828, a German chemist Friedrich Wà ¶hler (1800-1882) amazed the science community by using the inorganic compound ammonium cyanate, NH4OCN to synthesize urea, H2NCONH2, an organic substance found in the urine of many animals. This led to the disappearance of the â€Å"Vitalism† theory. Today, chemists consider organic compounds to be those containing carbon and  one or more other elements, most often hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, or the halogens, but sometimes others as well. Organic chemistry is defined as the chemistry of carbon and its compounds. Organic chemistry is also known under the short-term organic. The organic chemistry as a branch of chemistry can be viewed and engaged in the carbon content. Particularly the structure, composition and the chemical reactions of carbon will be investigated. To the organic chemistry include the elements that go with the carbon compounds. Therefore we understand today as the organic chemistry, the chemistry of carbon compounds, and not focusing only on the compounds from nature. The organic chemistry is, however, also limits for inorganic chemistry. This limit is usually denied to the concept of hydrocyanic acid. The division of natural science in organic chemistry and inorganic chemistry is historical. The term â€Å"organic† was first used by Berzilius about 1810 because by then all investigated compounds derived from living organisms and in the laboratory could not be synthesized. Berzilius found it impossible to produce organic compounds from nature artificial. This theory was refuted, however, then in 1828 by the chemist Friedrich Wohler. In later times it was always more to produce organic substances synthetically, which contained all the carbon. The simplest organic compounds consist only of the elements of water and carbon. Only compounds such as carbon oxides, carbonates, carbides and cyanides are expected to inorganic compounds. Before the nineteenth century, chemists generally believed that compounds obtained from living organisms were endowed with a vital force that distinguished them from inorganic compounds. According to the concept of vitalism (vital force theory), organic matter was endowed with a â€Å"vital force†.[8] During the first half of the nineteenth century, some of the first systematic studies of organic compounds were reported. Around 1816 Michel Chevreul started a study of soaps made from various fats and alkalis. He separated the different acids that, in combination with the alkali, produced the soap. Since these were all individual compounds, he demonstrated that it was possible to make a chemical change in various fats  (which traditionally come from organic sources), producing new compounds, without â€Å"vital force†. In 1828 Friedrich Wà ¶hler produced the organic chemical urea (carbamide), a constituent of urine, from the inorganic ammonium cyanate NH4CNO, in what i s now called the Wà ¶hler synthesis. Although Wà ¶hler was always cautious about claiming that he had disproved the theory of vital force, this event has often been thought of as a turning point.[8] In 1856 William Henry Perkin, while trying to manufacture quinine, accidentally manufactured the organic dye now known as Perkin’s mauve. Through its great financial success, this discovery greatly increased interest in organic chemistry.[9] The crucial breakthrough for organic chemistry was the concept of chemical structure, developed independently and simultaneously by Friedrich August Kekulà © and Archibald Scott Couper in 1858.[10] Both men suggested that tetravalent carbon atoms could link to each other to form a carbon lattice, and that the detailed patterns of atomic bonding could be discerned by skillful interpretations of appropriate chemical reactions. The pharmaceutical industry began in the last decade of the 19th century when the manufacturing of acetylsalicylic acid (more commonly referred to as aspirin) in Germany was started by Bayer.[11] The first time a drug was systematically improved was with arsphenamine (Salvarsan). Though numerous derivatives of the dangerous toxic atoxyl were examined by Paul Ehrlich and his group, the compound with best effectiveness and toxicity characteristics was selected for production.[citation needed] Early examples of organic reactions and applications were often serendipitous. The latter half of the 19th century however witnessed systematic studies of organic compounds, Illustrative is the development of synthetic indigo. The production of indigo from plant sources dropped from 19,000 tons in 1897 to 1,000 tons by 1914 thanks to the synthetic methods developed by Adolf von Baeyer. In 2002, 17,000 tons of synthetic indigo were produced from petrochemicals.[12] In the early part of the 20th Century, polymers and enzymes were shown to be large organic molecules, and petroleum was shown to be of biological origin. The multistep synthesis of complex organic compounds is called total synthesis. Total synthesis of complex natural compounds increased in complexity to glucose and terpineol. For example, cholesterol-related compounds have opened ways to synthesize complex human hormones and their modified derivatives. Since the start of the 20th century, complexity of total syntheses has been increased to include molecules of high complexity such as lysergic acid and vitamin B12.[13] The total synthesis of vitamin B12 marked a major achievement in organic chemistry. The development of organic chemistry benefited from the discovery of petroleum and the development of the petrochemical industry. The conversion of individual compounds obtained from petroleum into different compound types by various chemical processes led to the birth of the petrochemical industry, which successfully manufactured artificial rubbers, various organic adhesives, property-modifying petroleum additives, and plastics. The majority of chemical compounds occurring in biological organisms are in fact carbon compounds, so the association between organic chemistry and biochemistry is so close that biochemistry might be regarded as in essence a branch of organic chemistry. Although the history of biochemistry might be taken to span some four centuries, fundamental understanding of the field only began to develop in the late 19th century and the actual term biochemistry was coined around the start of 20th century. Research in the field increased throughout the twentieth century, without any indication of slackening in the rate of increase, as may be verified by inspection of abstraction and indexing services such as BIOSIS Previews and Biological Abstracts, which began in the 1920s as a single annual volume, but has grown so drastically that by the end of the 20th century it was only available to the everyday user as an online electronic database.[14] The Importance of Chemistry in Everyday Life During laboratory technique 1 we learned how to separate insoluble liquids from solids by means of filtration, and how to separate a dissolved solid from a liquid by means of evaporation. I have often asked myself the importance of some of the required classes in my schedule and how they can relate to everyday life. I believe in the saying that if you don’t use it you will lose it, meaning that if the concepts I learn cannot be applied to something that I will remember on a daily basis then the possibilities of me not remembering them at all are greater. This is especially true if you’re not a science or medical major as I am not. However in this class I am discovering that things we are learning can definitely be applied to processes that my mind uses daily and procedures that are performed daily and are as close to me as my own kitchen. In pondering the idea of filtration and evaporation I begin to think of the water that I drink on a daily basis. Without even being aware of the process I have been using filtration on a daily basis. I purchased a filter for my sink a number of years ago to improve the taste of my water and get rid of what I called the (bad things) that my body didn’t need. At the time I had no idea I was making a scientific decision and using a scientific method. I had determined that the water in my house did not taste well and that the taste could be improved. Listening to others who had boasted about the success of filtered water I decided to test their hypothesis out for myself. I bought from the local hardware store a basic water filter system that could be attached to the faucet of your sink. Supposedly this water filter would remove the harmful substances from my water and improve the taste. I tested the hypothesis by first pouring myself a glass of unfiltered water and sitting it aside. I then attached my filter system and poured myself a glass of filtered water. I tasted both and observed the differences in each taste. The hypothesis was now justified in my eyes, the filtered water tasted better. I offered my hypothesis to my husband and children and allowed them to make their own observations. We all agreed that the filtered water tested better. The hypothesis had now become theory in my household. Now since this class I’ve been observing just how this filter system works. I have discovered that the residue that remains after filtering in some way affected the taste of my regular tap water. I have since learned that this residue consists of salt and other stuff that could definitely dramatically affect the test. Interestingly enough though, this filtration process didn’t start with me. Scientist years ago began to filter water for health reasons. Elements that are deadly to our human bodies (such as chloride) are filtered out daily through our elaborate water system to ensure that our water is healthy to drink. Without this process we would have entire cities dying just like the colony of Jamestown centuries ago! Wow I guess science is a necessary in my daily life, I just never knew that’s what it was called.

Why Tupac is Still Alive essays

Why Tupac is Still Alive essays You are driving back from your chemo treatment at the hospital, exhausted from the physical strain on your body. You are tired and speeding home in order to go to sleep. You pass a cop and he decides to pull you over. As the cop approaches your window and asks for your license and registration you begin to open the glove box. As you open your glove box you forget that you had put your medication in it. Soon thereafter, you are handcuffed in the back of a cop car on your way to jail. The cop doesnt understand that the marijuana in your glove box was for medicinal purposes even though you look withered and you have no hair. Marijuana has an active ingredient of THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) that helps to alleviate pain of terminally ill people. Some states, such as California, have legalized marijuana for medicinal purposes, but the federal government hasnt therefore marijuana is still illegal. This argument is more of a moral debate on the values of Americans, but as of right now the pros outweigh the cons. The American government should legalize the use of marijuana. First, the legalization of marijuana would help terminally ill patients with illnesses such as AIDS. People who suffer form AIDS must take high doses of highly toxic anti-viral drugs such as AZT. AZT can produce severe nausea and vomiting, as well as other gastrointestinal problems. These side effects may cause an AIDS patient to become bulimic and starve to death. Smoking marijuana helps these patients cope with the severe side effects of AZT. Since these patients cant legally obtain marijuana, they go to the streets, forcing them to illegally obtain this drug to help alleviate the pain caused by AZT. By having these patients go to the streets to obtain marijuana, they are not only putting their lives in danger, but they are also supporting drug dealers. Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy would also benefit from the ...

Anderson- Surname Meaning and Origin

Anderson- Surname Meaning and Origin ANDERSON Surname Meaning Origin: Patronymic surname meaning son of Andrew. Andrew (man, manly) was the first of Jesus disciples, and was a revered name in medieval times due to its church connections. St. Andrew is the patron saint of both Scotland and Russia. Swedish patronymic son names traditionally end in -son,  not -sen.  In Denmark the regular patronymic is -sen.  In Norway, both are used, although -sen  is more common. Icelandic names traditionally end in -son  or -dotir. Surname Origin: Swedish, Danish, Norwegian English Alternate Surname Spellings: ANDERSEN, ANDERSSON, ANDERSSEN, MCANDREWS Fun Facts About the ANDERSON Surname: Many Danes, Norwegians and Swedes who emigrated to America with the last name Andersson or Anderssen, dropped the extra -S after their arrival. Famous People with the Surname ANDERSON: Pamela Anderson - Canadian-American model and actressMary Anderson - inventor of the windshield wiperWillie Anderson - professional Scottish golferJoe Anderson - British actorWes Anderson - independent filmmakerHans Christian Anderson - Danish author Genealogy Resources for the Surname ANDERSON: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Anderson and Andersen Family DNA ProjectJoin Anderson and Andersen individuals worldwide working together to sort out Anderson families from different countries and connect Anderson families who came to America through DNA. Anderson Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Anderson surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Anderson query. There are also separate forums for the ANDERSEN and ANDERSSEN variations of the Anderson surname. FamilySearch - ANDERSON GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Anderson surname and its variations. ANDERSON Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Anderson surname. Cousin Connect - ANDERSON Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Anderson, and sign up for free notification when new Anderson queries are added. DistantCousin.com - ANDERSON Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Anderson. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997. Back to Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins

Business Scenario Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Scenario - Statistics Project Example The objective of this report is to present rationale and cost-benefit analysis of proposed project for potential creditors and enable the owners of the firm to get loan to fund this project. The report is structured in several key parts. The first section provides a brief overview of the business followed with an overview of the business. The next section introduces business analysis, whereas there are identified major business functions and current problems. Furthermore, the report presents an overview of team management approach and analysis of the main business processes within an organisation. There are defined the types of new ICT and projected key improvements in business processes. The next section is devoted to customer relationship database design, followed by project plan and budget sections. Last section is concluding part of the report. The company operates in tourism industry acting as a travel agent. The company acts as an intermediary between suppliers of various services such as airlines, hotels, package tours, etc. and final consumers. The company has developed a great customer database as it usually ensures high quality of service and has a good understanding of customers’ needs. Moreover, the company has well-established positive reputation among both suppliers/partners and customers, which serves a good basis for sustainable business. However, with the development of IT, more consumers are empowered to book their tours and to buy airline tickets directly without involvement of tour agents. Firm’s suppliers also have switched already to new forms of communication and business interactions. Currently the company operates four locations in the same city, but the management has a strategic plan to expand business adding 10 new locations across other cities in the next 5 years. In order to stay in business and achieve business expansion plans, it is important to adopt new technology and integrate it